Ethnobotanical study of wild vegetables used by rural communities of Kannauj district , Uttar Pradesh , India

An ethnobotanical inventory was conducted in the rural areas of Kannauj districts, Uttar Pradesh during 200709 following standard ethnobotanical methods for documentation of underexploited, non-conventional, traditional and indigenous wild vegetables for further studies leading to sustainable utilization of these resources to overcome malnutrition in vegetarian diet. During present study 25 species belonging to 18 families have been documented. Chenopodium album is the most common and popularly used wild vegetable followed by Ipomoea aquatica and Coccinea grandis in the study area. Seven species are reported as wild vegetable for the first time in India. Leaves and young stem are used in majority of the cases. Only 56% wild vegetables used in the study area are easily available, it means 44% wild vegetables are threatened to be lost if not conserved properly. The highly endangered wild vegetables in the study area are Abrus precatorius, Centella asiatica, Dioscorea bulbifera, and Solanum incanum.


Introduction
Indians are forerunners in utilizing plant resources for their basic necessities and sustenance.Though plants have been used as a source of food, fodder, shelter, clothing, medicine and a verity of useful commodities from ancient time, the value of wild edible vegetables in food security has not been given sufficient attention in India (Reddy et al., 2007).In rural settlements where vegetable cultivation is not practiced and market supplies are not organized, local inhabitants depends on indigenous vegetables either cultivated by themselves or collected from wild (Mishra et al., 2008).The traditional knowledge about indigenous wild vegetables is largely transmitted by oral tradition from generation to generation without any written record.Such practices are still prevalent among rural and tribal communities in many parts of the world (Haridarshan et al., 1990;Samant and Dhar, 1997;Shackleton et al., 1998;Grivetti and Ogle, 2000;Sundriyal andSundriyal, 2001, 2003;Ogoye-Ndegwa and Aagard-Hensen, 2003;Kar, 2004;Jansen et al., 2004;Sinha and Lakara, 2005;Angami et al., 2006;Reddy et al., 2007;Kala, 2007;Narayanan and Kumar, 2007;Dovie et al., 2007;Odhav et al., 2007;Orech et al., 2007;Setalaphruk and Price, 2007;Mishra et al., 2008;Binu, 2010;Bhogaonkar et al., 2010).The primitive men, through trial and error, have selected many wild edible plants and subsequently domesticated them (Kar, 2004).However, many wild vegetables traditionally consumed by local communities are underutilized.The nutritional value of these wild vegetables is high in comparison to commonly cultivated vegetables (Nordeid et al., 1996;Sundriyal and Sundriyal, 2001;Orech et al., 2007).The wild vegetables are an important source for the supplementation of micronutrients in vegetarian diets (Nordeid et al., 1996;Agate et al., 2000;Odhav et al., 2007).Due to various natural and anthropogenic reasons natural resources of wild vegetables and habitats from where these resources are collected are depleting rapidly (Maikhuri et al., 2004;Bhogaonkar et al., 2010).Genetic resources of wild vegetables should be conserved for future use to overcome malnutrition in vegetarian diet, food

Ethnobotanical surveys and collection of data
Survey of rural areas of Kannauj district, Uttar Pradesh was conducted during 2007-2009 to collect information regarding wild vegetables and voucher specimen.Prior to survey, a questionnaire was designed and pre-tested with five informants to find out its suitability for present study and modified according to response of informants.The revised questionnaire was used for gathering data about nonconventional and underutilized wild vegetables of the study area (Appendix A).Field works were conducted in randomly selected ten villages.Total 50 informants having age of 30 to 65 years were interviewed during present study.Information's regarding the local names of plant species, growth forms, part(s) used, availability in natural resources, method of processing and vegetable preparation, method of collection, storage and conservation needs were carefully recorded.Methods of Martin (1995) were followed during the present study.Voucher specimens were collected with the help of informants and reconfirmed by other informant's to ensure their local identity.Specimens were brought to the laboratory and preserved in the form of herbarium (Jain and Rao, 1967) identified with the help of pertinent literatures (Kanjilal, 1933;Duthie, 1960) and deposited in herbarium maintained at department of Botany for future references.The acquired data were compared with relevant literatures (Haridarshan et al., 1990;Sundriyal and Sundriyal, 2001;Kar, 2004;Sinha and Valeria, 2005;Angami et al., 2006;Kala, 2007;Mishra et al., 2008;Binu, 2010;Bhogaonkar et al., 2010) to identify new claims.

Data analysis
Ethnobotanical data were analysed and summarized by using Microsoft Excel and statistics to determine relative frequencies of citations so as to identify the most common and popularly used wild vegetable in the study area, to determine proportions of different variables like plant families, growth forms, availability, plant part used, methods of processing and vegetable preparation, and conservation needs.The relative frequency of citation for each species was determined by following formula (Kumar et al., 2013):

Results and Discussion
Results are given in Table 1.Twenty five wild plant species belonging to 18 families were found to be used as vegetables by the rural community of Kannauj district, Utter Pradesh, India.Caesalpinaceae and Solanaceae are the highly represented families (Figure -1).Various Parts of Basella alba, Boerhaavia diffusa, Chenopodium album, Ficus hispida, Ipomoea aquatica, Polygonum glabrum, Rumex dentatus, and Solanum incanum are reported as wild vegetable for the first time in India.Chenopodium album is the most common and popularly used (9.83%) wild vegetable followed by Ipomoea aquatica and Coccinea grandis in the study area (Table 1).Leaves and young stem are used in majority of the cases (68%) followed by fruits (18%), flowers and tubers (7%).Only 56% wild vegetables used in the study area are easily available, whereas, 28% are available with difficulty and 16% are hardly available in natural resources, it means 44% wild vegetables are threatened to be lost if not conserved properly.The highly endangered wild vegetables in the study area are Abrus precatorius, Centella asiatica, Dioscorea bulbifera and Solanum incanum.Majority of the wild vegetables of study area are herb (Figure 2) which may be domesticated and cultivated easily in comparison to other growth forms.Generally wild vegetables are used within one or two days after collection except, tubers and bulbils which are stored for longer duration.According to informants vegetables should not be collected from roadsides, near polluted water bodies and should be free from insect pest and diseases.This view of informants can be justified on the basis of studies which show that polluted habitats reduce the quality and quantity of chemical constituents as well as accumulate toxic substances in plant parts used as vegetable (Kamal et al., 2010;Rahman et al., 2010).According to respondents use of green vegetables and tubers and bulbs increases the quantity of blood and make the person healthy; it means they are rich in iron and starch respectively.Nutritional analysis of these vegetables will be an important step for the identification of nutritionally important vegetable species for domestication and cultivation to fully utilize these natural resources.The fact that sixty percent of the respondents were above fifty years old shows that the knowledge about wild vegetables is in danger of being lost and justify the need of documentation.Analysis of data revealed that elder population have more knowledge about the usages of wild vegetables, whereas, the younger generation have very little interest in the wild vegetables.It is necessary to educate the younger generation about the nutritional value and use of the wild vegetables.The consumption of wild plants is one of the strategies, adopted by the local people for sustenance, is intrinsically linked to their strong traditional and cultural system and is inseparable.The indigenous communities continuously include wild edibles to their daily food intake and sales from the surplus add to their income.
Simultaneously, an emphasis on the sustainable harvesting of wild edible plants will help enhance and maintain the region's biodiversity as well (Angami et al., 2006).
Figure 1.Distribution of wild vegetables under various Botanical families.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Distribution of wild vegetables under various growth forms.