Ethnobotanical study of “ Kaili Inde ” tribe in Central Sulawesi Indonesia

R E G U L A R A R T I C L E *Corresponding author: Ramadanil, Tadulako University, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Kampus Bumi Tadulako Tondo, Sukarno Hatta Street Km 10, Tondo Palu, Indonesia, 94117. Phone: +62 (0451) 422844, Mobile: +62 85288560451. E-mail: pitopang_64@yahoo.com Received: 29 June 2015; Revised: 22 March 2016; Accepted: 23 March 2016; Published Online: 04 April 2016 Fathurrahman, et al.: Ethnobotanical study of Kaili Inde tribe in Central Sulawesi Indonesia 338 Emir. J. Food Agric ● Vol 28 ● Issue 5 ● 2016 19 indigenous tribes in the region, i.e. Kaili Inde, Kaili Ledo, Kaili Daa, Kaili Rai, Kulawi, Lore, Pamona, Banggai, Saluan, Tao Taa, Buol, Tolitoli, Dampelas. These ethnic groups occupy different areas, and each group has its own culture and traditions in utilizing plants for their daily need, such as for pharmaceuticals, household appliances, various woven/rigging, complimentary materials for traditional ceremonies, clothing, food and contruction (Waluyo, 2008; Pitopang, 2009). Most studies on plant biodiversity in Sulawesi have focused on Taxonomic and Ecological aspects (Pitopang et al., 2002, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012; Ramadhanil et al., 2008; Pitopang, 2009; Cannon et al., 2007; Kessler et al., 2012a, 2012b; Kessler et al., 2005; Gradstein et al., 2005; Mogea, 2004, 2005; Thomas, 2010; Thomas et al., 2011; Ciccuza et al., 2010, 2011; Culmsee and Pitopang 2009; Culmsee et al., 2010, 2011; Poulsen, 2014), but the research on the subject of ethnobotany is very few (Purwanto, 2004; Pitopang and Sarifuddin, 2012; Paik et al., 2013; Gailea et al., 2016). Kaili Inde tribe is one of the indigenous people who have long lived and settled in the village of Mantikole, Sigi district Central Sulawesi Province. Its communities have used various types of plants to meet their daily need i.e.for food supply, drug ingredients, industrial materials and in various ceremonial culture. The simple life of the tribal communities in rural area and location away from urban life, forcing most of the community is dependent on the natural resource to support their life. The objectives of this research is to document local knowledge system of Kaili Inde Tribe in utilizing plants resources to fulfil their daily need. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site The research was carried out in Mantikole village, at the western side of Palu valley (Fig. 1), about 30 km away from Palu City, the capital of Central Sulawesi Province Indonesia from April to May 2012. Administratively, this area belongs to Sigi Regency, and occupies an area ranging from 200 to 600 m in elevation. Daily of rainfall in the area varied from 20-60 mm with temperature average ranged from 23o-34o C. Metodology The basic data of ethnobotany such as traditional plant use in the village has been collected by using direct interview and establishment of transect. (i) Village leaders, religious leaders, traditional healers, government officers and crafts-people are the target groups who were interviewed during the study. These interviews were recorded by audio recorders and notebooks. Photographs were also taken to record information (Turner, 1988). (ii) To understand the effect of daily activity of local people studied on their environment, a transect has been established where size and form of transect really depend on environment condition. The observation included vernacular name, scientific name, family and plant habitus. All of plant materials used for this purpose have been collected in the field and then identified at the Laboratory of Biodiversity, the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Tadulako University and Herbarium Celebense (CEB) Tadulako University Palu Indonesia. Data analyses Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) was used to determine utilization of plant diversity and its importance for the people. These values are multiplied in the equation below for each use to yield a composite value for each plant taxa. ICS = Σ (q x i x e)u1


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia, a largest archipelago country, comprising ca.17,000 islands, of which about 6,000 are permanently inhabited by more than 400 different indigenous peoples.It is located in equatorial Southeast Asia having a wide range of habitats with abundant biodiversity and is considered a megabiodiversity country (McKinnon, 1992; Ministry of State For Population and Environment, the Republic of Indonesia, 1992;BAPPENAS, 2003;Waluyo, 2008).Indonesia is very species-rich country, and although it occupies only 1.3% of the world's (Mc Neely et al 1990;UNEP, 1991).Precise number of species is hard to obtain for most taxonomic groups, but a minimum can be said to have about 11% of the world's known flowering plant species (ca.38,000 species) of which around 18,700 are endemic (Roos, 2004;Pitopang, 2004;van Welzen et al, 2005), 12 % of the world's mammals, 17 % of all birds.
Central Sulawesi is one of the provinces in Indonesia, located in Sulawesi Island (formerly known as Celebes), the main island in "Wallacean region".The biogeographic position of Sulawesi is located between the Greater Sunda islands and New Guinea.It is generally considered to have intermediate level of plants species richness (Roos et al., 2004;Hall, 2009).The province of Central Sulawesi is inhabited by a variety of tribal communities of migrants or indigenous.Based on the data recorded, there are The research entitled "Ethnobotanical study of Kaili Inde tribe in Central Sulawesi Indonesia" has been conducted from April to June 2012 at the Mantikole, a village of Kaili Inde which is located in Palu Central Sulawesi Indonesia.This research aims was to know the interaction between Kaili Inde society and their environment especially plant biodiversity being used in their daily need.Basic data of ethnobotany such as traditional plant use in the village have been collected by using direct interview and establishment of transect.Village leaders, religious leaders, traditional healers, government officers and crafts-people are the target groups who interviewed during the study.The interviews were recorded by audio recorders and notebooks.Photographs were also taken to record information.All recognizable morphospecies of plants/voucher specimens were collected for identification purpose.Plant collecting was according to the "Schweinfurth method" (Bridson and Forman 1999).The observation was included vernacular name, scientific name, family, habitus and uses.Processing of the specimens was conducted at Herbarium Celebense (CEB), Tadulako University Palu.Identification was done in the field and in CEB.Data were analyzed quantitatively by using ICS (Index of Cultural Significance) formula.The results indicated that One hundred thirty two (132) plant species consisting of 60 families were used by Kaili Inde tribe.39 species were used as food, 62 species as medicine, as building material 6 species, 23 species for traditional rituals and 10 plant species as handicrafts.The plant species that have highest ICS was "Pa'e" (Oryza sativa L), followed by sweet potato "Untoku" (Ipomea batatas), "Pia'lei '(Allium cepa), "affo" (Schyzostachyum brachy-cladum), "kamonji" (Artocarpus communis), "tunau" (Arenga pinnata), "lemo barangay (Citrus aurantifolia), "cangkore" (Arachys hypogea), "gampaya" (Carica papaya), "siranindi" (Kalankoe pinnata), "kasubi" (Manihot esculenta), and "srikaya" (Annona squamosa), while the lowest ICS was "Camara" (Casuarina junghuniana).
Kaili Inde tribe is one of the indigenous people who have long lived and settled in the village of Mantikole, Sigi district Central Sulawesi Province.Its communities have used various types of plants to meet their daily need i.e.for food supply, drug ingredients, industrial materials and in various ceremonial culture.The simple life of the tribal communities in rural area and location away from urban life, forcing most of the community is dependent on the natural resource to support their life.
The objectives of this research is to document local knowledge system of Kaili Inde Tribe in utilizing plants resources to fulfil their daily need.

Study site
The research was carried out in Mantikole village, at the western side of Palu valley (Fig. 1), about 30 km away from Palu City, the capital of Central Sulawesi Province Indonesia from April to May 2012.Administratively, this area belongs to Sigi Regency, and occupies an area ranging from 200 to 600 m in elevation.Daily of rainfall in the area varied from 20-60 mm with temperature average ranged from 23 o -34 o C.

Metodology
The basic data of ethnobotany such as traditional plant use in the village has been collected by using direct interview and establishment of transect.(i) Village leaders, religious leaders, traditional healers, government officers and crafts-people are the target groups who were interviewed during the study.These interviews were recorded by audio recorders and notebooks.Photographs were also taken to record information (Turner, 1988).(ii) To understand the effect of daily activity of local people studied on their environment, a transect has been established where size and form of transect really depend on environment condition.The observation included vernacular name, scientific name, family and plant habitus.All of plant materials used for this purpose have been collected in the field and then identified at the Laboratory of Biodiversity, the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Tadulako University and Herbarium Celebense (CEB) Tadulako University Palu Indonesia.

Data analyses
Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) was used to determine utilization of plant diversity and its importance for the people.These values are multiplied in the equation below for each use to yield a composite value for each plant taxa.
Expanded this formula would be: ICS = (q 1 x i 1 x e 1 ) u1 + (q 2 x i 2 x e 2 ) u2 + (q 3 x i 3 x e 3 ) u3 ...+ (q n x i n x e n ) un ICS is equal to the sum of individual use value 1 through n representing the last use described, subscript, represents the value 1 through n, consecutively.For each use given, q = quality value; i = intensity value, e = exclusively value (Turner, 1988).Categories of useful plants is provided in Appendix 1. Tabel 1: List of plants species were utilized by Kaili Inde tribe which was arranged by their ICS (Index of Culture Significant) (Contd)...

Plant utilization
The Kaili Inde people have utilized about 131 plant species (belonging to 60 families) (Table 1).There were 39 species plants used as food, 66 as an ingredient of medicines, 6 for building material, 23 species for traditional rituals and 10 as craft hand.The Kaili Inde people have collected and utilized both wild and cultivated plant species to meet their daily need.Some plants species were collected from garden, secondary forest and primary forest that used for vegetable and fruit.
ICS is the result of quantitative ethnobotany analysis to show the value of the interest of each type of useful plants based on community needs.The tabel indicates that the results of calculations ICS interest rate of each type of plant to the community.Based on the data analysis of useful plant on Inde tribe people in the Mantikole village obtained results as listed above.

Food plants
Food is a basic need that is very important in human life, as well as for Kaili Inde society.We noted 39 plant species were used by Kaili Inde people as a food ingredient.There were a various part of plant used but the most widely used were 28 species of fruit sections, 5 species of bulbs, the leaves were 5 species, one species of root, and the rhizome 2 species.The utilization way of plant by Kaili Inde people was still very simple, either eaten immediately or have to process by means cooked before in a variety of ways such as boiled, fried and as a mixture in other foodstuffs.
The Kaili Inde communities were also utilized shoots of plant for vegetable such as: the leaves and flower of papaya "Gampaya" (Carica papaya L).The tuber of " Kasubi " (Manihot esculenta), "Untoku" (Ipomea batatas), "Rumbi " (Calocasia monlalon) were used as a substitute for the staple food.In addition they also often take advantage of the bulbs as part of "Pi'a bulla " (Allium sativum), " Pi'a lei " (Allium ascalonicum) as spice.
Pitopang and Syarifuddin (2012) reports that rice "Pae" (Oryza sativa L.) was also the staple food of the "Tao Taa Wana" community, the indigenous people who live in the Morowali Nature Reserve Central Sulawesi, but at certain seasons they use cassava (Manihot esculenta),"sago' (Metroxyllon sago) as a meal substitute.Rice was planted in non irrigated ricefield.In addition there were some local rice varieties which still cultivated such as; "paegondu" (black seed), "pae lamboro" (yellow seed), "pae moraa" (striped bran), "pae ranta" (fall off easily), "pae talingku" (hairy fruit) and many others of which number at least there were 20 local varieties of rice.Purwanto (2004)

Medicinal plants
There were 64 plant species used by Kaili Inde for medicine.List of medicinal plants which was used by Kaili Inde is providede in Table 2. Mecininal plants play a very important role in the Kaili Inde medicine.Various organs of plant were used by them includes leaves, stems, fruits, roots, and tubers.The use of plants as medicine by Kaili Inde people are still very simple, a number species of plant were used singularly and some combined with other species.Those plants can be applied for medicine directly without any treatment but many of them should be processed such as boilied, grated before being used them.
The medicinal plants were used by the community Kaili Inde were grows wild in the surrounding countryside and crop cultivation, It can be found around.thefarm, forest, bush, along rivers, and in the rice fields.Some of medicinal plants were planted around their home, in the garden and in cultivated area.The utilization of plants as traditional medicines by Indonesian people has been practiced for a long time (Riswan and Rumantyo, 2002;Padua et al., 1999).Javanese people for example have utilized herbal medicine (called "Jamu") since along time ago.Jamu can consist of a single or a mixture of some medicinal plants.The word of ' "jamu" now has been adopted into lndonesian language.Sangat and Larashati (2002) pointed out that the use of "Jamu" are grouped into five categories as follow: medicine, health care, beauty care, tonic and baverage and body's protection or endurance.The modern trend of jamu production is very easy to be consumed and carried.Powdering jamu is an example for nice and simple packing.
It is very easy to be sobbed with boiled water.Jamu has been used to treat some common diseases and therefore it supports program of national health in Indonesia.Heyne (1987) reports that there were 996 species of flowering plants which had been used as traditional medicines in lndonesia, and he informed that it would make a total l,040 specics if including algae, fungi, ferns and gymnospermae species.Zuhud (1994) expresses that about 1260 tree species in tropical rain forests of lndonesia are used as medicinal plants.
Herbal medicine is still the maintain of about 75 -80% of the world population, mainly in the developing countries, for primary health care (Oladele et al., 2011;Ahvazi et al., 2012).This is primarily because of the general belief that herbal drugs are without any side effects besides being cheap and locally available (Rodrigues et al., 2003).WHO (World Health Organization) estimates that about 80% of these people rely almost exclusively on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs.Medicinal plants are the "backbone" of traditional medicine, which means more than 3.3 billion people in the less developed countries utilize medicinal plants on a regular basis.There are nearly 2000 ethnic groups in the world, and almost every group has its own traditional medical knowledge and experiences.In Malaysia i.e.Pal and Sukhla (2003) point out that the WHO has recently defined traditional medicine (including herbal drugs) as comprising therapeutic practices that have been in existence, often for hundred of years, before the development and spread of modern medicine and are therapeutic experience of generations of practicing physicians of indigenous system of medicine.Traditional preparations comprise medicinal plants, minerals and organic matters etc. Herbal drugs constitute only those traditional medicines which primarily use medicinal plant preparations for therapy.

Plant for building material
Based on field observations, there were 6 species of plants used by Kaili Inde community as a building material.They were used stems, roots, and leaves as part of plant for material Building.Teak tree (Tectona grandis) and pine tree (Pinus mercusii) are used as the main pillar of the house, stairs, and railings stage.Besides the leaves of sugarpalm tree (Arenga pinnata) and Palm sago tree (Metroxylon sago) are used as roofing and wall of house.Coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L) is used for multipurpose where the leaves are used as roof or often said to be a thatched roof, trunk for pillar house.Bamboo tree (Schyzostachyum brach-cladum) is used as leverage and floor terrace house.Additionally, the bamboo tree is also used for house wall.(in Kaili Inde called "Pitate").

Plant for ritual/magic activity
The Kaili Inde tribe community still has a magical beliefs, where the people are still doing customs or rituals such as healing rituals, rituals in build house, custom wedding, and custom in cutting teeth.They were used plants as requerement for customary ritual procession the.There were 8 (eight) plant species that were usually used in the Kaili Inde tribe rituals.In ritual building a house, they need plant species included "Silaguri" (Ageratum conyzoides), Cyperus sp.On the other hand papaya " Gampaya " (Carica papaya), "Kula" (Zingiber officinale), garlic " Pi'a bulla " (Allium sativum).Those were used for traditional customary.
There were a number of plant species which were used in traditional weedings such as the flower of Hibiscus rosasinensis, Clerodendrum sp, Cocos nucifera, Areca catechu, Piper betle and breadfruit (Artocarpus communis).

Fig 1 .
Fig 1. Map of study area.Indonesia and the island of Sulawesi highligted, with the Mantikole (Black spot) as research site in Palu valley.

List of plants for medicine by Kaili Inde societies in the studied area
Ong et al. (2011)reported 56 species medicinal plants were used by Malay village in Trengganu Malaysia. (Contd)...